(Data collection by Matt McBurney, Julia Moraes, and Edward Koning. When referring to this page, please use the following citation: Koning, E.A., McBurney, M. & Moraes, J. (2024). The IESPI Database – Norway country report. University of Guelph, www.iespi.ca/norway/.)
Tax-paid pensions
| TP1A | Residence requirement for complete universal tax-paid pension |
| 1990-2023 | 78 (40 years) |
Throughout the period under study, forty years of residence have been required to access the universal pension plan in Norway (called the old-age pension until 2011, when it was replaced by the guarantee pension) (Labour and Welfare Administration n.d.-a, Parliament of Norway 1966, 1997, Social Security Administration 2010).
| TP1B | Residence requirement for access to pro-rated portion of universal tax-paid pension |
| 1990-2021 | 16-23 (3 years, 1 year for migrants from EEA and bilateral agreement countries) |
| 2022-2023 | 21-22 (5 years, 1 year for migrants from EEA and bilateral agreement countries) |
People who do not qualify for a complete pension can receive a pro-rated benefit. Migrants from EEA countries and countries with which Norway has signed relevant bilateral social security agreements (Canada, Türkiye, and the United States since at least 1990; Chile, Israel, Montenegro and Serbia since 1998; Australia since 2008, Bosnia and Herzegovina since 2009; and India since 2016), can access this pro-rated benefit after one year of residence; for other migrants this requirement used to be three years and was increased to five years in 2021 (Braekhus 2022, Brochmann 2022, Labour and Welfare Administration n.d.-b). Scores on this indicator are weighted to account for the proportion of migrants who face only a one-year residence requirement using data on the inflow of migrants by country of origin from the OECD immigration database.
| TP2 | Residence requirement, means-tested supplement |
| 1990-2005 | 48-51 (no means-tested program available) |
| 2006-2016 | 0 (no residence requirement) |
| 2017-2023 | 8-9 (tied to permit requiring three years of residence) |
Norway did not introduce a pension supplement for people with low pension income because of limited residence in the country until 2005. Initially, the only requirement was being registered in the population registry, which is possible for anyone who has a permit allowing them to stay in the country for at least a year. Legislative changes in 2016, however, restricted the benefit to permanent residents, and in most cases newcomers are not able to obtain permanent residence status until after they have resided in the country for at least three years (Labour and Welfare Administration n.d.-c, n.d.-d, Parliament of Norway 2005, 2016).
| TP3 | Status requirement for access to tax-paid pension |
| 1990-2023 | 20 (all registered residents) |
All registered residents, i.e. all individuals with permission to stay in the country for at least a year, are eligible for the universal pension program (Labour and Welfare Administration n.d., Social Security Administration 2010).
| TP4 | Export possibilities, universal tax-paid pension |
| 1990-2023 | 11-26 (no restrictions to social security agreement countries, with additional residence requirements of 20 years to others) |
The universal pension can be exported without restrictions to any EEA country and country with which Norway has signed a relevant bilateral social security agreement (see indicator TP1B). Export to other countries is only possible if the recipient has resided in Norway for at least twenty years (Braekhus 2022, Labour and Welfare Administration n.d.-d, n.d.-e, Talleraas 2019). Scores on this indicator are weighted to account for the proportion of migrants who face no restrictions in exporting their pension benefit using data on the stock of foreign-born by country of birth from the OECD migration database.
Health care
| HC1 | Residence requirements |
| 1990-2023 | 0 (no residence requirements) |
All residents are immediately eligible for public health care as soon as they are registered in the population registry. There is no waiting period (Abebe 2010, eHealth Directorate n.d., Health Directorate 2022).
| HC2 | Status requirements |
| 1990-2023 | 20 (all registered residents) |
Access to public health care is tied to registration in the population registry, which is possible for anyone who has permission to stay in Norway for at least one year (eHealth Directorate n.d.).
| HC3A | Public health care available to asylum seekers |
| 1990-2023 | 0 (expanded coverage not provided to native-born citizens) |
Since 1983, refugee claimants who reside in reception centers receive free dental care, for which other residents have to pay. Asylum seekers who do not live in reception centers have been covered by the basic health care system since 2001 (Health Directorate 2015, Parliament of Norway 1983, Ministry of Social Affairs and Health 1999).
| HC3B | Public health care available to undocumented migrants |
| 1990-2023 | 33 (emergency care, treatment of communicable diseases, perinatal care) |
Undocumented migrants have to pay for most medical services, but have free access to emergency care, perinatal care, and treatment of infectious diseases (Aschehoug 2010; Health Directorate 2022, Kvamme & Ytrehus 2015).
| HC4A | Accessibility services, translation services |
| 1990-1999 | 67 (translation services occasionally available in some languages) |
| 2000-2021 | 0 (state-funded translation services guaranteed) |
| 2022-2023 | 17 (state-funded translation services for basic health care but not for additional services) |
While translation services have long been offered in the Norwegian health care sector, they were not formalized as a patient’s right until 1999. Since January 1, 2022, translation services are not freely available for additional health care services outside of the basic health care package, such as dental services (Hjörleifsson et al. 2018, Kale 2006, Parliament of Norway 1999, 2021).
| HC4B | Accessibility services, other attempts to increase uptake |
| 1990-2017 | 100 (no services) |
| 2018-2020 | 75 (public recognition of need for cultural sensitivity in health care, but practical implication unclear) |
| 2021-2023 | 50 (diversity training available to health care students) |
For a long time, culturally sensitive health care delivery did not receive much attention in Norway, which has been a source of criticism in some literature. In 2017, however, the government actively acknowledged that health education should pay more attention to cultural competence, and since the academic year 2020/2021 this has been incorporated in some curricula (Ajekiigbe 2023, Government of Norway n.d.-a, Hjörleifsson et al. 2018).
Contributory pension benefit
| CP1 | Minimum contribution years |
| 1990-2021 | 8-11 (3 years, 1 year for migrants from agreement countries) |
| 2022-2023 | 10-11 (5 years, 1 year for migrants from agreement countries) |
Ever since the passing of the 1966 Social Security Act, access to the contributory pension (called the earnings-related pension until 2011, when it was replaced by the income pension) required at least three years of contributions. This was increased in 2021 to 5 years. Migrants from the EEA and countries with which Norway has signed relevant social security agreements (see indicator TP1B) can count contribution periods in their country of origin and access the contributory pension after one year of contributions (Braekhus 2022, Brochmann 2022, Parliament of Norway 1966, 1997). Scores on this indicator are weighted to account for the proportion of migrants who can access the pension after one year using data on the inflow of foreign-born people by country of birth from the OECD migration database.
| CP2 | Status requirements |
| 1990-2021 | 0 (all legal residents) |
| 2022-2023 | 40 (citizens, permanent residents, privileged nationals, long-term work permit holders) |
Everyone who meets the contribution requirements can access the contributory pension, regardless of status. Since the minimum contribution requirements have been increased to five years in 2021, however, it has become unlikely that anyone on a short-term permit from outside the EEA would be able to meet those requirements (Parliament of Norway 1966, 1997).
| CP3 | Export possibilities |
| 1990-2023 | 0 (export possible without restrictions) |
Throughout the period under study, contributory pension benefits have been exportable to any country in the world without additional restrictions (Labour and Welfare Administration n.d.-e).
Contributory unemployment benefits
| CU1 | Minimum contribution weeks |
| 1990-1993 | 36-38 (52 weeks, 16 weeks for Nordic citizens) |
| 1994-2023 | 27-39 (52 weeks, 16 weeks for EEA nationals/Switzerland) |
Access to contributory unemployment benefits requires at least twelve months of contributions. Nordic citizens and, since 1994, all migrants from EEA countries, can count contributions in their country of origin and access unemployment benefits after having made sixteen weeks of contributions in Norway (OECD 2020, Parliament of Norway 1966, 1992).
| CU2 | Status requirements |
| 1990 | 38 (citizens, permanent residents, privileged nationals, long-term work permit holders) |
| 1991-2023 | 13 (citizens, permanent residents, privileged nationals, long-term work permit holders, asylum seekers) |
Ever since the passing of the 1966 Social Security Act, everyone who is registered in the population registry, meets the contribution requirements, and is available for work is eligible for contributory unemployment benefits. Since 1991, this includes asylum seekers, who since then have been eligible to access the labor market as soon as their claim has been lodged (European Commission 2016, Labour and Welfare Administration n.d.-f, Parliament of Norway 1988, 2008, Ruud 2015).
| CU3 | Integration requirements |
| 1990-2020 | 0 (no integration requirements) |
| 2021-2023 | 40 (tied to integration program for some migrants) |
There have not been integration requirements associated with accessing contributory unemployment benefits until a legislative change coming into effect on January 1, 2021, required that refugee migrants and their family members can only keep such benefits if they participate in the ‘introduction program’ (see also indicators SA4, AL3, and AL4) or another approved training in Norwegian and social studies for up to one year (Norwegian Ministries 2023, Parliament of Norway 2020, Stein & Fedreheim 2022).
| CU4 | Export possibilities |
| 1990-1994 | 100 (not possible) |
| 1995-2023 | 74-86 (up to three months within EEA, not possible elsewhere) |
Export of unemployment benefits is generally not possible. However, since 1994, recipients can retain their benefits for a period of up to three months within the EEA (De Wispelaere et al. 2020: 22).
Housing benefits
| HB1 | Residence requirements |
| 1990-2023 | 0 (no residence requirements) |
Housing benefits are available to all resident homeowners who meet the income requirements, and there is no waiting period for newcomers (Parliament of Norway 2012, Nordvik 2015, Nordvik & Sørvoll 2014, Søholt & Wessel 2010, Sørvoll 2011, State Housing Bank n.d.).
| HB2 | Status requirements |
| 1990-2023 | 20 (all registered residents) |
The only status requirement for accessing housing benefits is being registered as a resident, which again, applies to everyone who has the right to stay in Norway for at least a year (Parliament of Norway 2012, Sørvoll 2011, State Housing Bank n.d.).
| HB3 | Integration requirements |
| 1990-2023 | 0 (no integration requirements) |
There are no integration requirements associated with accessing housing benefits in Norway.
| HB4 | Housing services for successful asylum claimants |
| 1990-2023 | 40 (services assisting on housing markets) |
Throughout the period under study, successful asylum claimants receive public assistance in finding and funding housing. It is worth noting that such services are only available if the refugees settle in a municipality that has been selected for them (Brochmann 2022, Brochmann & Hagelund 2012, Nordvik & Sørvoll 2014, Søholt 2010, Valenta & Bunar 2010).
Social assistance
| SA1 | Residence requirements |
| 1990-2023 | 0 (no residence requirement) |
There is no residence requirement for accessing social assistance. All legal residents are eligible for the benefit upon arrival, as long as they meet the requirements related to status, age, and financial need. It is worth noting that since 2004, newly arrived refugees and their family members have been channeled into a separate program (Brochmann 2022, Brochmann & Grødem 2013, Calmfors & Gassen 2019, Labour and Welfare Administration n.d.-g).
| SA2 | Status requirements |
| 1990-2023 | 20 (all registered residents) |
The only status requirement for accessing social assistance is habitual residence as demonstrated by registration in the population registry (Brochmann 2022, Brochmann & Grodem 2013, Labour and Welfare Administration n.d.-g).
| SA3 | Consequences of welfare uptake |
| 1990-2009 | 0 (no consequences) |
| 2010-2023 | 14 (delayed access to permanent residence) |
Section 62 of the Immigration Act of 2008, which went into effect on January 1, 2010, stipulates economic self-sufficiency as a requirement for acquiring permanent residence status. Since then, therefore, welfare uptake can delay newcomers’ access to permanent residence status (Parliament of Norway 2008).
| SA4 | Integration requirements |
| 1990-2003 | 20 (integration requirements can be requested at discretion of local authorities) |
| 2004-2023 | 40 (receipt tied to integration program for some migrants) |
Since the 1980s, municipal welfare offices have been technically allowed to require recipients to participate in language and/or vocational training, but few have done so in practice. Since the 2004 launch of the introductory program, newly arrived refugees and their family members receive an introduction benefit, at a high level than social assistance, but see cuts in those benefits for every hour of language and integration training they miss (Brochmann & Hagelund 2012, Calmfors & Gassen 2019, Smedsvik et al. 2022).
Active labor market policies
| AL1 | Residence requirements |
| 1990-2023 | 0 (no residence requirements) |
There are no residence requirements for accessing active labor market policies in Norway. They are immediately available for newcomers, unless they are already covered by targeted programs (see ALM3, ALM4) (Dahl & Lorentzen 2005, Duell et al. 2009, Labour and Welfare Administration n.d.-h, Lodovici 2010).
| AL2 | Status requirements |
| 1990-2023 | 20 (all registered residents) |
The only requirement for accessing active labor market policies in Norway is registration in the population registry (Dahl & Lorentzen 2005, Duell et al. 2009, Labour and Welfare Administration n.d.-h).
| AL3A | Availability of language programs |
| 1990-1994 | 71 (available for vulnerable groups only) |
| 1995-2003 | 57 (available to most migrants, but offered unevenly across the country) |
| 2004-2023 | 29 (available for all permanent residents and some temporary residents) |
Norway has offered language classes to refugee migrants since the 1970s. In 1994, it started offering them to other migrants as well, but the availability of these programs differed considerably from one municipality to another. Since the launch of the 2004 introduction program, funded language classes are available across Norway for refugees, asylum seekers, family migrants, and labor migrants from outside the EEA (Brochmann & Hagelund 2012, Hagelund 2005, Parliament of Norway 2003).
| AL3B | Public funding of language programs |
| 1990-2003 | 0 (fully funded) |
| 2004-2023 | 20 (fully funded for some, nominal fees for others) |
Before the legislative changes in 2004, all language programs for immigrants were fully funded. Since then, refugees and asylum seekers can still access the programs for free, but others are required to pay a nominal fee (Brochmann & Hagelund 2012, Hagelund 2005, Parliament of Norway 2003).
| AL4A | Availability of employment assistance |
| 1990-2003 | -8 (no targeted services available) |
| 2004-2005 | 67 (available to vulnerable groups only) |
| 2006-2023 | 17 (available to all immigrants intending to become permanent resident) |
Initially, the Norwegian approach to encouraging labour market participation of immigrants was to include them in general services. This changed with the launch of the introductory program in 2003. This was initially only available to refugees, asylum seekers, and their family members, but since 2005 has been opened up to labour migrants and family migrants from outside the EEA as well (Brochmann & Hagelund 2012, Lodovici 2010, Parliament of Norway 2003, Søholt 2010).
| AL4B | Nature of employment assistance |
| 1990-2003 | 100 (nothing available) |
| 2004-2023 | 20 (integration training) |
The introduction program that started in 2003 consists of extensive integration training, employment assistance, and individualized employment services (Brochmann & Hagelund 2012, Lodovici 2010, Parliament of Norway 2003, Søholt 2010).
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